Peptide Lab HQ Research Guide
SS-31
A research-focused compound profile covering SS-31 identity, Elamipretide research, mitochondrial cardiolipin binding, bioenergetic pathway models, concentration reference, reconstitution reference, and safety considerations.
Compound Data
Compound Profile
| Compound Name | SS-31 |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Elamipretide |
| Common Synonyms | MTP-131, Bendavia, Elamipretide, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ |
| Compound Type | Synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide |
| CAS Number | 736992-21-5 |
| PubChem CID | 11764719 |
| Amino Acid Length | 4 amino acids |
| Amino Acid Sequence | D-Arg-2,6-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH₂ |
| Short Sequence | D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ |
| Molecular Formula | Free base: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅; hydrochloride form: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅ · 3HCl |
| Molecular Weight | Free base: approximately 639.8 g/mol; hydrochloride form: approximately 749.2 g/mol |
| Research Category | Mitochondrial cardiolipin, oxidative stress, ATP production, mitochondrial morphology, muscle function, cardiac, renal, and aging research |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder, depending on salt form and supplier documentation |
| Use | For laboratory research use only. |
Research Applications
Key Research Applications
SS-31 is commonly discussed in controlled research models involving mitochondrial cardiolipin binding, oxidative stress response, ATP production, mitochondrial morphology, skeletal muscle function, cardiac bioenergetics, renal protection models, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrial Cardiolipin Research
SS-31 is commonly studied for its interaction with cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Bioenergetics Models
Used in research involving mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, electron transport chain function, and cellular energy-output pathways.
Oxidative Stress Research
Relevant to models evaluating reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial redox stress, cellular injury response, and oxidative-damage markers.
Muscle Function Research
Elamipretide has been evaluated in primary mitochondrial myopathy and Barth syndrome research involving exercise tolerance, strength markers, and functional capacity.
Cardiac & Renal Models
SS-31 appears in research involving cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion models, renal injury models, and organ bioenergetic stress.
Aging & Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Commonly discussed in aging-related research involving mitochondrial function, physical capacity, metabolic stress, and tissue resilience.
Research Scope
These applications are provided for educational and research-reference purposes only. Research outcomes may vary based on peptide form, salt form, concentration, route, model type, mitochondrial status, study duration, and laboratory conditions.
Reference Only
Reconstitution / Research Dosing Reference
Select Reference Vial
Select a vial size to update the concentration, U-100 unit references, and frequency table below.
Quick Reference Summary
| Reference Vial | 10 mg SS-31 |
|---|---|
| Primary Solution Volume | 2.0 mL bacteriostatic water |
| Primary Concentration | 5 mg/mL |
| Measurement Reference | On a U-100 syringe, 1 unit = 0.01 mL. |
| Amount per U-100 Unit | At 5 mg/mL, 1 unit equals 0.05 mg / 50 mcg SS-31. |
| Storage Reference | Refrigerate at 2–8°C / 35.6–46.4°F after reconstitution, protected from direct light. |
Reconstitution Steps
- Draw 2.0 mL bacteriostatic water using a sterile syringe for the main concentration reference shown below.
- Slowly add the BAC water down the side of the vial wall.
- Gently roll or swirl the vial until the material is completely dissolved. The solution should appear clear to slightly hazy depending on concentration and supplier format. Do not shake!
- For higher-concentration preparations, verify that the material is fully dissolved before recording the final preparation details.
- Label with compound name, vial amount, concentration, solvent volume, preparation date, storage conditions, and handling notes.
- Store refrigerated at 2–8°C / 35.6–46.4°F, protected from direct light.
Published Research Context
| Reference Type | Reported Amount / Context | Research Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Compound Identity Reference | SS-31, also commonly referenced as elamipretide, MTP-131, or Bendavia | SS-31 is commonly discussed as a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide in mitochondrial-function, bioenergetic, and cellular-stress research contexts. |
| Mitochondrial Membrane Research | Cardiolipin and inner mitochondrial membrane context | SS-31 / elamipretide is commonly discussed in relation to mitochondrial membrane structure, cardiolipin interaction, cristae organization, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. |
| Oxidative-Stress Research Context | Model-dependent concentration and endpoint tracking | Commonly discussed in oxidative-stress-marker, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial stress, cellular protection, and redox-response research contexts. |
| Energy / ATP Research Context | Mitochondrial respiration and ADP sensitivity context | SS-31-related research is often associated with mitochondrial respiration, ATP-production markers, ADP sensitivity, electron-transport-chain function, and cellular energy models. |
| Aging / Tissue-Function Research | Experimental and model-dependent context | Research discussions commonly include aging-related mitochondrial decline, skeletal-muscle function, cardiac function, ocular tissue models, neuroprotective markers, and tissue-resilience observations. |
| Public Protocol-Style Reference | Milligram-range reference examples | Public protocol-style references commonly describe SS-31 in milligram-range examples depending on the research model and preparation format. These are not clinical dosing standards. |
| Clinical / Research-Chemical Status | No universal research-chemical protocol established | Published study references, clinical-study contexts, public protocol-style references, wellness protocols, or public dosing pages should not be treated as dosing instructions for research-chemical vial formats. |
Concentration Reference
| Vial Amount | Solution Volume | Final Concentration |
|---|---|---|
| 10 mg | 2.0 mL | 5 mg/mL |
| 50 mg | 3.0 mL | 16.67 mg/mL |
Research Dosing Amount / Volume Reference
| Reference Amount | Volume at 5 mg/mL | U-100 Unit Reference | Approx. References per 10 mg Vial |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 mg / 500 mcg | 0.10 mL | 10 units | 20 |
| 1 mg / 1000 mcg | 0.20 mL | 20 units | 10 |
| 2 mg / 2000 mcg | 0.40 mL | 40 units | 5 |
| 5 mg / 5000 mcg | 1.00 mL | 100 units | 2 |
| 10 mg / 10000 mcg | 2.00 mL | 200 units | 1 |
| 25 mg / 25000 mcg | 5.00 mL | 500 units | 0.4 |
| 50 mg / 50000 mcg | 10.00 mL | 1000 units | 0.2 |
Research Frequency / Amount Reference
| Research Window | Frequency | Reference Amount | Units / Volume Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Conversion Reference | Calculation reference only | 0.5 mg reference amount | 10 units / 0.10 mL |
| Low-to-Mid Conversion Reference | Public protocol-style reference, not a clinical dosing standard | 1 mg reference amount | 20 units / 0.20 mL |
| Mid-Range Conversion Example | Public protocol-style reference, not a clinical dosing standard | 2 mg reference amount | 40 units / 0.40 mL |
| Upper Conversion Example | Calculation reference only | 5 mg reference amount | 100 units / 1.00 mL |
| 10 mg Preparation Reference | Preparation-level calculation reference | 10 mg reference amount | 200 units / 2.00 mL |
| High Conversion Example | Calculation reference only | 25 mg reference amount | 500 units / 5.00 mL |
| 50 mg Preparation Reference | Preparation-level calculation reference | 50 mg reference amount | 1000 units / 10.00 mL |
Common Research Windows
| Reference Window | Common Length | Research Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cell-Culture / Mitochondrial Marker Window | 24–72 hours | May be used for mitochondrial membrane, cardiolipin, oxidative-stress-marker, ATP-production, cellular-respiration, or mitochondrial-stress documentation depending on the model. |
| Acute Mitochondrial Observation Window | Single session to several days | Used for short-term mitochondrial-response, redox-marker comparison, membrane-potential tracking, ADP-sensitivity markers, or early pathway documentation depending on the research design. |
| Short Research Window | 1–2 weeks | May be used for early controlled observation involving mitochondrial-function markers, oxidative-stress markers, tissue-response endpoints, or cellular-resilience models. |
| Standard Protocol-Style Window | 2–4 weeks | Commonly used in public protocol-style references for structured observation and comparison across baseline and follow-up periods. |
| Extended Observation Window | 4–12 weeks | Used when longer documentation is needed for mitochondrial-function trends, tissue-function markers, aging-related mitochondrial context, or follow-up marker tracking. |
| Follow-Up / Washout | 2–8 weeks | Used to document post-study observations, marker return, delayed response patterns, or follow-up data depending on the research model. |
Research Note: These tables are provided for educational, research-planning, concentration, frequency-reference, and volume-reference purposes only. SS-31, also commonly referenced as elamipretide, MTP-131, or Bendavia, is discussed in mitochondria-targeted peptide, cardiolipin, mitochondrial membrane, cristae-structure, oxidative-stress-marker, ATP-production, mitochondrial bioenergetics, aging, tissue-function, and cellular-resilience research contexts. The selector above updates calculations for a 10 mg vial reference reconstituted with 2.0 mL bacteriostatic water and a 50 mg vial reference reconstituted with 3.0 mL bacteriostatic water. Published study references, clinical-study contexts, and public protocol-style frequency references are not universal research-chemical dosing standards and should not be treated as dosing instructions for research-chemical vial formats. This information is not medical advice, dosing instruction, injectable-use guidance, or a recommendation for human or animal use.
Reference Only
Reconstitution / Research Dosing Reference
Reconstitution Steps
- Draw 2.0 mL bacteriostatic water using a sterile syringe.
- Slowly add the BAC water down the side of the vial wall.
- Gently roll or swirl the vial until the powder is completely dissolved. The solution should appear clear to slightly yellow depending on salt form and supplier documentation. Do not shake!
- Label and refrigerate at 2–8°C / 35.6–46.4°F, protected from direct light.
- Use within the appropriate research handling window, commonly within 30 days after reconstitution.
Published / Prescription-Context Reference
| Reference Type | Reported Amount | Research Context |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Trial | 0.01, 0.10, and 0.25 mg/kg/hour IV for 2 hours | Phase I/II dose-escalation study using 5 consecutive days of IV elamipretide administration. |
| Highest-Dose PMM Trial Cohort | 0.25 mg/kg/hour IV for 2 hours | Reported dose level associated with dose-dependent 6-minute walk test changes in the primary mitochondrial myopathy study. |
| FORZINITY Prescription-Product Reference | 40 mg subcutaneously once daily | FDA-approved Barth syndrome product context for patients weighing at least 30 kg; not a general research-chemical dosing standard. |
| FORZINITY Product Strength | 280 mg / 3.5 mL, equal to 80 mg/mL | Ready-to-use prescription solution strength; not directly interchangeable with lyophilized research vial calculations. |
Concentration Reference
| Vial Amount | Solution Volume | Final Concentration |
|---|---|---|
| 10 mg | 2.0 mL | 5 mg/mL |
| 10 mg | 3.0 mL | 3.33 mg/mL |
Research Dosing Amount / Volume Reference
| Reference Amount | Volume at 5 mg/mL | U-100 Unit Reference | Approx. References per 10 mg Vial |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500 mcg / 0.5 mg | 0.10 mL | 10 units | 20 |
| 1 mg / 1000 mcg | 0.20 mL | 20 units | 10 |
| 2 mg / 2000 mcg | 0.40 mL | 40 units | 5 |
| 2.5 mg / 2500 mcg | 0.50 mL | 50 units | 4 |
| 5 mg / 5000 mcg | 1.00 mL | 100 units | 2 |
| 10 mg / 10000 mcg | 2.00 mL | 200 units | 1 |
Common Research Windows
| Reference Window | Common Length | Research Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Acute Observation Window | Single session to 5 days | Often used for short-duration mitochondrial marker, exercise-performance, tolerability, or biomarker observation. |
| Short Research Window | 2–4 weeks | May be used for early mitochondrial bioenergetic, oxidative-stress, cardiac, renal, or muscle-function marker documentation. |
| Clinical Study Reference Window | 12 weeks | Referenced in Barth syndrome prescription-product study context involving strength and functional-marker tracking. |
| Long-Term Extension Context | Multiple months to several years | Used in long-term extension research for Barth syndrome monitoring and safety/tolerability observation. |
| Follow-Up / Washout | 2–4 weeks | Used to document post-study observations, marker return, or follow-up data depending on the research model. |
Research Note: These tables are provided for educational, research-planning, concentration, and volume-reference purposes only. Published SS-31 / Elamipretide research includes IV primary mitochondrial myopathy dose-escalation studies and a prescription-product context for Barth syndrome, but these do not establish a universal research-chemical dosing protocol. The calculations above assume a 10 mg SS-31 vial reconstituted with 2.0 mL bacteriostatic water, creating a 5 mg/mL concentration reference. This information is not medical advice, dosing instruction, or a recommendation for human or animal use.
Related Supplies
Research Supplies
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Bacteriostatic Water
Commonly referenced in laboratory preparation workflows.
Research Syringes
Supply category for controlled laboratory research preparation.
Prep Supplies
Supporting supplies for clean handling, preparation, and documentation.
Lab Handling
Handling & Storage
Storage
Store materials according to product-specific requirements. Protect from excessive heat, moisture, and direct light.
After Reconstitution
Keep refrigerated after reconstitution unless otherwise specified by the product documentation.
Handling
Use appropriate laboratory PPE, clean handling practices, and qualified research procedures.
Documentation
Maintain batch details, COA records, preparation notes, and internal research documentation.